The past few years have seen continued growth in the
use of batteries in
military equipment. During this period, problems in system design and manufacturing have raised serious concerns about the inherent reliability and producibility of this technology. Solutions to these problems have been identified and are presented in this document.
1.1 Objective and Scope
This document provides best practices for the specification, design, and manufacture of primary and secondary batteries most commonly used in military applications. The scope has been limited to lead-acid batteries (excluding submarine batteries), nickel-cadmium batteries, dry cells, thermal cells and lithium cells (primaries only). Silver-Zinc batteries, secondary and primary, have been purposely excluded from this document as they represent a small portion of the military procurement and require a special treatment of their manufacture and quality assurance best practices.
This document is intended to provide the
program manager with key elements in his decision for battery selection and
factors to watch for during the design and production phases of the selected
battery type. It also provides battery manufacturers with the minimum
guidelines about preferred practices for design, production, and quality
assurance. Safety issues are also stressed during fabrication, operation,
and disposal.
1.2 How This Document Was Prepared
An industry-government task group was established with Navy support in April 1989 to draft these guidelines. This task group represents the major manufacturers of batteries and Navy activities associated with battery technology, procurement and applications. The task was sponsored by the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research, Development and Acquisition (OASN for RD&A), PI Directorate. The following individuals were involved:
TASK GROUP CO-CHAIRMEN
| D. Patterson |
|
OASN(RD&A)PI |
| A. Himy |
|
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
(MTD) |
PRODUCTION
| W. Johnson |
|
Naval Weapons Support Center Crane |
| M. Bays |
|
Naval Weapons Support Center Crane |
| D. Ramsey |
|
American Security and
Investigation |
EDITOR
| A. Himy |
|
Westinghouse Electric Corp. (MTD) |
| T. Hayes |
|
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
(MTD) |
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
| A. Himy |
|
Westinghouse Electric Corp. (MTD) |
|
(Chairman) |
| M. Bays |
|
Naval Weapons Support
Center Crane |
| (Co-chairman) |
| R. Brodd |
|
Gould Inc. |
| (Secretary) |
|
|
|
| D. Patterson |
|
OASN(RD&A) |
| J. Gucinski |
|
Naval Weapons Support
Center Crane |
| S. Deshpandé, |
|
GNB Battery Inc. |
| Chairman Lead-Acid
Batteries |
| P. Scardaville, |
|
SAFT |
| Chairman Nickle Cadmium
Cells |
| T. Telzrow, |
|
Eveready |
| Chairman Dry Cells |
| V. Klasons, |
|
SAFT (Formerly
Catalyst Research) |
| Chairman Thermal
Batteries |
| D. Linden, |
|
Duracell |
| Chairman Lithium
Cells |
SUBCOMMITTEE ON LEAD-ACID
BATTERIES
| S. Deshpandé |
|
GNB Industrial Battery Co. |
|
(Chairman) |
| A. Goodman |
|
Naval Weapons Support Center Crane |
|
|
|
| E. Aidman |
|
Teledyne Battery Products |
| J. Anderson |
|
Wyle Laboratories |
| I. Baeringer |
|
Exide Corp. |
| J. Davison |
|
Naval Sea Systems Command |
| J. James |
|
Teledyne Battery Products |
| J. Kelly |
|
Consultant |
| D. Knauer |
|
East Penn Mfg. Co. |
| G. Mayer |
|
Carnegie-Mellon
Institute, BTC |
| J. Mills |
|
Firing Circuits
Inc. |
| D. Mulford |
|
Exide Corp. |
| B. O'Brien |
|
Sonnenschein
Batteries |
| J. Orsino |
|
Kirk Energy
Systems |
| T. Seibel |
|
Naval Weapons Support
Center Crane |
| J. Szymborski |
|
Gates Energy
Products |
| F. Tarantino |
|
Exide Corp. |
| J. Simmons |
|
Concorde Battery |
| V. Vander |
|
Geest Shelley
Ragon |
| J. Wadsworth |
|
Naval Weapons Support
Center Crane |
SUBCOMMITTEE ON NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES
| P. Scardaville |
|
SAFT |
|
(Chairman) |
| M. Milden |
|
Aerospace Corporation |
| (Acting
Chairman) |
| D. Mains |
|
Naval Weapons Support
Center Crane |
| (Secretary) |
| |
|
|
| M. Anderman |
|
ACME Electric |
| J. Billborn |
|
Energy Research
Corp. |
| R. Burns |
|
Eagle-Picher Inc. |
| J. Crawford |
|
General Research
Corp. |
| H. Dodge |
|
FDA/Medical
Devices |
| B. Newman |
|
Naval Weapons Support
Center Crane |
SUBCOMMITTEE ON DRY CELLS
| T. Telzrow |
|
Eveready |
|
(Chairman) |
| V. Alminauskas |
|
Naval Weapons Support Center Crane |
|
(Secretary) |
| |
|
|
| J. Ciesla |
|
DME Corp. |
| D. Linden |
|
Duracell |
| M. Kaduboski |
|
Eveready |
| J. Moran |
|
Marathon Power Technologies |
| J. Petryk |
|
Ultra Technologies (Kodak) |
| C. Saxe |
|
Rayovac |
SUBCOMMITTEE ON THERMAL BATTERIES
| V. Klasons |
|
SAFT |
|
(Chairman) |
| J. Marusek |
|
Naval Weapons Support Center Crane |
|
(Secretary) |
| |
|
|
| D. Bean |
|
General Dynamics |
| P. Davis |
|
Naval Surface Warfare Center |
| E. Decker |
|
Naval Weapons Support Center Crane |
| J. DeGruson |
|
Eagle-Picher Inc. |
| H. Etchells |
|
Raytheon, Missile
Systems |
| J. Gessler |
|
SAFT |
| W. Haight |
|
Naval Weapons
Center |
| R. Higginbotham |
|
Martin Marietta,
Missile Systems |
| T. Honsaker |
|
Naval Weapons Support
Center Crane |
| A. Jacobsen |
|
Sandia National
Laboratories |
| T. Knight |
|
Hughes Aircraft |
| W. Kuper |
|
Harry Diamond
Laboratories |
| R. Marsh |
|
Wright Patterson
AFB |
| J. Perez |
|
General Dynamics,
Pomona |
| D. Ryan |
|
Wright Patterson
AFB |
| F. Smith |
|
Eagle-Picher Inc. |
| D. Spencer |
|
Eagle-Picher Inc. |
| S. Stuart |
|
Naval Weapons Support
Center Crane |
| T. Tucker |
|
Eagle-Picher
Inc. |
SUBCOMMITTEE ON LITHIUM CELLS
| D. Linden |
|
Duracell |
|
(Chairman) |
| S. Shuler |
|
Naval Weapons Support Center Crane |
|
(Secretary) |
| J. Barnes |
|
Naval Surface Warfare Center |
| F. Bis |
|
AOT, Consultant |
| R. Brodd |
|
Gould Inc. |
| R. Cailino |
|
US Army CECOM |
| J. Christopulos |
|
US Army LABCOM |
| F. Delgiannis |
|
JPL |
| A. Harkness |
|
Ballard Battery Systems |
| H. Holter |
|
Naval Sea Systems Command |
| H. Lewis |
|
Naval Weapons Support Center Crane |
| S. Prativadi |
|
Ultra Technologies (Kodak) |
| R. Stinebring |
|
Wilson Greatbatch |
| T. Willis |
|
AT&T |
| R. Wissoker |
|
Whittaker-Yardney |
